The main propose of this research is the survey of affecting globalization on tax revenue in Iran by AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL) approach. So other variables such as real per capita income (as an indicator of economic development), degree of urbanization, the share of agriculture in gross domestic product, dependency ratio (as an index of social and economic structure) and exchange rate, effects on tax revenue have been investigated. Stationary test of variables in the model is shown based on adjusted Dickey – Fuller. For the results of this test, the time series used in this model are characteristics I(0) and I(1). In this study, the pattern AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL) and the method of least squares for first or more order differencing is used. Dynamic model estimation results indicate a tendency towards long run equilibrium model. Additionally, globalization has positive effect on the proportion of total tax and the tax on trade in GDP.

Demand for money is an important part of the macroeconomic models and the monetary policy. In this paper, we estimate the Iranian demand for money for the period 1958-2003using the AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL) method. The results show that the real money balance, gross domestic product, inflation, foreign exchange rate, and government budget deficit have been co-integrated with each other. We also use the error correction model for short-run dynamic analysis. The result shows the speed of adjustment toward the long-run balance is slow.

Relationship between trade, foreign direct investment (FDI) and economic growth in developing and developed countries has been always the center of attention either in theoretical or empirical point of view. This paper examines the impact of FDI and trade on economic growth in Iran using annual data over the period 1974-2005. This study uses an augmented aggregate production function (APF) model to investigate the impact of those relevant variables on economic growth. The APF assumes that along with conventional inputs of labor and capital used in the neoclassical production function, unconventional inputs like FDI and trade can be included in the model. To analyze the long run relationships among variables, an AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL) cointegration procedure is employed. Moreover, error correction model is used to investigate short run relationship.The results indicate that FDI negatively affect economic growth only in the short run while trade positively effect economic growth both in the short run and in the long run. The capital stock and labor force have positive effect on economic growth over the short run and long run.

This study employs the AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL) model to estimate the natural gas demand in six economic sectors, including household, agriculture, transportation, commercial, industrial, and power plants. The data used for this analysis spans during thr period of 2011 - 2022 and is derived from the national energy balance sheets. The modeling results indicate that the price elasticity of demand in the estimated functions is very low, meaning that the gas demand in these sectors is not highly responsive or sensitive to price changes. One reason for the low price elasticity is the regulated pricing of natural gas in these sectors. Additionally, the low price, assuming other conditions remain constant, reduces the sensitivity of consumers to price fluctuations. In most sectors, the elasticity of value-added and GDP surpasses other elasticities, highlighting that income has a more significant impact on natural gas demand. This effect is particularly pronounced in the industrial and power plant sectors. Therefore, the gas demand in these sectors is closely tied to the level of economic activity.

As far as government intervention in economics has argued during the economic history as a basic discussion so influence measure of government on private sector has been a contention subject in so many economic articles. “How is the public sector relation with private sector performance?” has been a title in many economic articles in different areas.One influence is on the private investment measures. Can government influence on private investment with increasing itself expenditure? We estimated the private investment function with separating our government expenditures into two parts as investment and consumption expenditures. Our empirical results shows that government consumption expenditures as increases lead to outgoing private investment from the market (government investment expenditure crowds out private investment) and increasing government investment expenditures of public sector arise private sector investment as a result(crowds in private investment). At last we tested all variables to make sure our regressions are not spurious.

Improving people’s quality of life and increasing the level of public welfare are among the goals defined by different governments around the world. In meeting such goals, reducing income inequality is one of the factors that play a major role. Therefore, it is of high significance to figure out the factors related to income inequality. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between income inequality, economic growth and misery index in Iran, and in this regard, time series data related to the years 1971-2019 have been used. The income inequality index in the present study is the Gini coefficient and to estimate the research model, AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL) method has been used. The results indicated that increasing as the misery index increases, income inequality in Iran will increase as well. Moreover, the ratio of real government spending to real GDP and economic growth has a positive effect on increasing inequality and the ratio of total real investment to real GDP and a dummy variable for revolution have a negative effect on income inequality.

The main objective of this study is to investigate the effect of changes in the tax mix on income distribution in Iran using data for the period 1361-1395. To this end, an empirical model is proposed to analyze the effects of substitution of different taxes, including income tax, corporate tax, wealth tax, goods and services tax, and import tax, on income inequality (as measured by the Gini coefficient). The results of the cointegration analysis based on the AUTOREGRESSIVE DISTRIBUTED LAG (ARDL) approach show that (1) the substitution of income tax for corporate tax, wealth tax, or goods and services tax leads to a reduction in income inequality, (2) the substitution of corporate tax for wealth tax reduces income inequality, (3) the substitution of goods and services tax for wealth tax reduces income inequality, whereas the substitution of this type of tax for corporate tax has no statistically significant effect on income inequality, and (4) the substitution of import tax for income tax, corporate tax, wealth tax, or goods and services tax improves income distribution. These results provide a useful guide for policy makers to achieve an optimal mix of taxes aimed at reducing income inequality.

This paper investigates the effect of national income, exchange rate and relative import prices on the import demand function and also global income, exchange rate and relative export prices on the export demand function for the period (1959-2006) in the Iranian economy. We employed the AUTOREGRESSIVE distributive LAG (ARDL) model for the estimation of these functions. The empirical results from both ARDL and error-correction models show that national income has had a significant and positive effect, while relative import prices and the exchange rate have had a negative effect on the Iranian import demand function. Through the estimation of the export demand function we found that global income variables and exchange rates have a significant and positive effect and relative export prices have a negative effect on the export demand function in the Iranian economy. Empirical results also show that the speed of adjustment in the Iranian export and import demand functions is relatively high. Finally our empirical findings suggest that the Iranian trade balance improves as the exchange rate, relative import prices and global income increases and as relative export prices decrease.